Employment
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Employment
Employment
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Is Braille Use Related to Employment?
Summaries of several research studies on whether or not Braille use is linked to employment
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4to24 App
The 4to24 app is a free resource for parents of children and youth who are blind, have low vision, or are deafblind with additional disabilities. It covers ages 4 to 24 years, to go from preschool age into young adulthood and early career. Modules of information are delivered from the app over time based on things such as the child’s age or experiences. The modules are self-paced (no deadlines!), so parents can use the information at their convenience.
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Blind People Can’t Perform This Job…Or Can They?
This brief article describes findings from our research on the attitudes of hiring managers towards individuals who are blind or visually impaired (B/VI) and how these attitudes are impacted by knowledge of how B/VI individuals can complete workplace tasks. Written with employers in mind, it provides an overview of the services provided by vocational rehabilitation agencies to employers and makes the case for why hiring an individual with B/VI can be an asset for any organization. It also contains a brief quiz where employers can test their own knowledge of how B/VI individuals complete job tasks.
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Employment Mentoring Manual
The Employment Mentoring Manual is a resource for consumers and service providers who are interested in looking for a mentor and/or starting a mentoring program.
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Employment Statistics for People with Dual Sensory Impairments
This data summary describes current (2016-2020) employment data for individuals with dual sensory impairments. The unemployment rate, labor force participation rate, and employment-population ratio are reported for the general U.S. population, for individuals with all disabilities, and for individuals with dual sensory impairments. A brief history and analysis of the data is also included.
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Human Resources Guide for Working with Employees Experiencing Vision Loss
Working with an employee who experiences vision loss can initially be challenging for human resources (HR) managers and supervisors unfamiliar with blindness or low vision, especially if unaware of the various accommodations available to assist persons with vision loss in completing job duties. This guide provides useful information and guidance for HR staff who are helping employees who experience vision loss maintain employment.
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Meet Employees
Our Employee Spotlights introduce you to talented people with blindness and low vision who work successfully in a wide variety of careers.
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Predictors of Employment and Job Quality of VR Consumers with Deafblindness
The purpose of this study was to investigate employment outcomes for vocational rehabilitation (VR) consumers with deafblindness, with a sample of 1,382 consumers obtained from the Rehabilitation Services Administration Case Service Report (RSA-911) data. Overall, the results indicate that several VR service-related factors are associated with whether deafblind consumers obtain competitive employment, but consumers’ personal characteristics are much more important in determining job quality.
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Predictors of Employment for Youth Who are Deafblind
This article focuses on factors that predict post-high school employment for transition-age youth who are deafblind, based on data from the National Longitudinal Transition Study-2. Results support the importance of paid high school work experiences, high parent expectations, and vocational education services for improving employment outcomes for youth who are deafblind.
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QR Code Accessibility Guide
The following document provides steps for accessing a QR code for iPhone and Android.
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Resources for Job Seekers
These resources were created for people who are blind or have low vision who are seeking employment. Included below are a resource sheet that provides a list of online resources for job seekers, an advice document that provides information and recommendations about disclosing vision impairment to employers, and a resume fact sheet that provides a list of guidelines to avoid common issues found in resumes of people with blindness or low vision.
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You Can Work with Blindness or Low Vision
This trifold brochure (available in English and Spanish) provides information for persons with newly acquired vision loss about the services available to support them in efforts to maintain or get a job. The brochure may be distributed to venues such as local medical offices. The associated guide provides more specific information, introducing persons new to vision loss to services, resources, and tools associated with employment. We invite you to use these materials to recruit potential program participants at risk of unemployment due to recent vision loss.
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Article Summary
Group-Based Trajectory Analysis of Longitudinal Employment Patterns and Predictors for Adults With Visual Impairments
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A Strategy for Changing Employers’ Implicit Attitudes Toward Individuals who are Blind
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Assistive Technology Use in the Workplace by People with Blindness and Low Vision: Perceived Skill Level, Satisfaction, and Challenges
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Comparison of Assistive Technology Use and Beliefs Among Employed and Unemployed People Who Are Blind
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Employment and Retirement Among Workers Who Develop Vision Loss in Midlife
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Employment and Unemployment Rates of People Who are Blind or Visually Impaired: Estimates Over Time from Multiple Sources
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Exploring the Impact of Degree Major on Career Outcomes for College Graduates with Visual Impairments
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Factors and Characteristics Associated with Employment for Individuals with TBI and VI
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Factors Associated with Proficient Braille Skills in Adults
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Factors Related to Employment Outcomes for Adults with VI
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Learning Assistive Technology: Preferences, Methods, and the Need for Improved Training
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Paths to Employment: Exploring Mentorship and Self-Employment Among People with Visual Impairments
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Predictors of Job Retention After Onset of Visual Impairment in Late Middle Age
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Short-Term Effects of Job Search Skills Training and a Summer Work Experience Program for Youth
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The Accessibility and Usability of Online Job Applications for Screen Reader Users
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The Job Search Blueprint: Job Search Training for Adults Who Are Blind or Have Low Vision
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The JVIB Beyond Employment Rates Series: Exploring Labor Force Statistics for People with Visual Impairments
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Underemployment Among College Graduates with Blindness and Low Vision
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Understanding Nonparticipation in the Labor Force among Individuals with Blindness or Low Vision
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Understanding the Impact of an Interactive Video on Knowledge and Attitudes About People Who Are Blind or Have Low Vision
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Use of Braille in the Workplace by People Who are Blind
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What Predicts Job Quality of Vocational Rehabilitation Consumers who are Blind or Have Low Vision?
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Why I'm Not Working: People With Vision Impairments Explain
Publication Citation
Boydstun, J., McDonnall, M. C., & Cmar, J. L. (2026). Equal opportunities? Post-school employment outcomes for young adults with and without visual impairment. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness. Advance online publication.
Publication Citation
Cmar, J. L., McDonnall, M. C., & Mitchell, G. L. (2025). Predictors of job retention after onset of visual impairment in late middle age. Journal of Aging and Health, 37(5–6), 270–280.
Publication Citation
Cmar, J. L., & Antonelli, K. (2024). Systematic adaptation of the JOBS program for use with adults with visual impairments. The New RE:view, 2(1), 42-57.
Publication Reports
A Guide to Using the Accommodation Request Process of the ADA for People Who are Blind or Who have Low Vision Part III of 3-Part Series
Publication Reports
A Survey of the ADA Request Experience of Persons Who are Blind or Who Have a Severe Visual Impairment: Part II of a 3-Part Series
Publication Reports
Barriers to Employment Among Persons who are Blind or Visually Impaired: Executive Summary
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Comprehensive Examination of Barriers to Employment Among Persons who are Blind or Visually Impaired
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Consumer and Employer Strategies for Overcoming Employment Barriers: Technical Report
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Employment Retention after Vision Loss: Intensive Case Studies
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Factors Influencing Employment Outcomes of Legally Blind Rehabilitation Clients who have Hearing Impairments
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Impact of the ADA on Employment of Individuals who are Blind or have Severe VI Part I of 3-Part Series
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Intervention Practices in the Retention of Competitive Employment Among Individuals who are Blind or Visually Impaired
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Lifestyles of Employed Legally Blind People - A Study of Expenditures and Time Use: Technical Report
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Looking at Employment through a Lifespan Telescope: Age, Health, and Employment Status of People with Serious Vision Impairment - Executive Summary
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Overcoming Barriers to Employment among Persons with Visual Disabilities: Perspectives of Rehabilitation Providers
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The 1994 Survey of Direct Labor Workers who are Blind and Employed by NIB Affiliated Industries for the Blind
Research
2010-2015 NIDILRR RRTC Grant (NIDILRR, Grant #90RT5011)
Project 6
Project 6
Accessibility in the Modern Workplace
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2010-2015 NIDILRR RRTC Grant (NIDILRR, Grant #90RT5011)
Project 2
Project 2
An Employment Mentoring Project for College Students who are Blind
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Employment Outcomes Research 2025-2030
Identifying and Measuring Core Technology Skills
This project has two primary purposes: (1) identify the core technology skills that screen reader users who are blind or have low vision (B/LV) need to be successful in the workplace, and (2) create an objective, validated assessment of these core skills to determine whether individuals have the minimum technology skills necessary to enter the workforce.
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Employment Outcomes Research 2020-2025
Project 1
Project 1
Access Technology in the Workplace
The primary purpose of this study is to determine which assistive technologies and mainstream technologies, together referred to as access technology (AT), are being utilized in the workplace and how they are being utilized by people who are blind or have low vision (B/LV).
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Employment Outcomes Research 2015-2020
Project 1
Project 1
Development of an App to Help Parents and Youth Focus on Employment
Creation of an app to guide users through steps they can take to help youth who are B/LV or deaf-blind progress in education, independence, and employment.
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Employment Outcomes Research 2025-2030
Development of Be My Mentor Intervention
The purpose of this project is to develop and test Be My Mentor, an electronic flash mentoring intervention that aims to improve employment outcomes of adults who are blind or have low vision (B/LV).
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Employment Outcomes Research 2025-2030
Efficacy of Employment Interventions
The purpose of this project is to evaluate the impact of several existing interventions, including a government program, on employment outcomes for people who are blind or have low vision (B/LV).
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Ungrouped Completed Research
Employment Outcomes for Transition-Aged Youth
In 2007, the NRTC received funding from the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (#H133A070001) to establish a Disability and Rehabilitation Research Project (DRRP) to conduct research on transition-age individuals with blindness or low vision. Project activities were completed December 2011. An abstract and list of publications and other products are provided. (Funded by National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, NIDRR Grant #H133A070001)
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2010-2015 NIDILRR RRTC Grant (NIDILRR, Grant #90RT5011)
Project 5
Project 5
Employment Outcomes of SSDI Beneficiaries
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Employment Outcomes Research 2020-2025
Project 6
Project 6
Exploration of National Datasets
The purpose of this project is to investigate employment outcomes beyond basic employment rates and to explore predictors of employment for people who are blind or have low vision (B/LV) using five large national datasets.
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Employment Outcomes Research 2015-2020
Project 6
Project 6
Exploration of Secondary Data
Generated new knowledge about youth and adults who are deaf-blind; persons with combined traumatic brain injury and B/LV; and the impacts on employment outcomes of changes associated with the federal Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act.
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Employment Outcomes Research 2025-2030
Exploring National and Social Media Data
The purpose of this project is to explore employment trends, outcomes, and needs of people who are blind or have low vision (B/LV), including outcomes of people who are deafblind, providing insight into their post-pandemic employment experiences using publicly available data from large national datasets and a social media platform.
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Employment Outcomes Research 2020-2025
Project 5
Project 5
Increasing Labor Force Participation
The purpose of this mixed-methods study is to investigate the employment barriers faced by discouraged workers who are blind or have low vision (B/LV) and to explore strategies to overcome them.
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Employment Outcomes Research 2015-2020
Project 5
Project 5
Job Retention and Advancement
Exploration of factors that influence job retention and advancement for people who are B/LV.
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Research
Employment Outcomes Research 2020-2025
Project 4
Project 4
Job Search Skills Training via Videoconference
The purpose of this project is to implement a job search skills training program with adults who are blind or have low vision (B/LV) and evaluate its effectiveness. We will provide the training to small groups in a distance learning environment using accessible videoconferencing software.
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Research
Employment Outcomes Research 2020-2025
Project 7
Project 7
Online Job Application Accessibility
In collaboration with the American Foundation for the Blind, this one-year study will evaluate the accessibility and usability of job-application websites of 30 Fortune 500 companies.
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Employment Outcomes Research 2015-2020
Project 2
Project 2
Summer Work Experience
Examination of the impact of a job search skills training program on short-term and long-term outcomes for B/LV youth.
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Research
Employment Outcomes Research 2025-2030
The Questions About Vision Loss Project
The purpose of this project is to implement the interactive video Questions About Vision Loss (QAVL) in real-world settings to evaluate its effectiveness in improving knowledge about hiring people who are blind or have low vision (B/LV), and examine the challenges experienced in implementing QAVL as an intervention in real-world settings.
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Employment Outcomes Research 2020-2025
Project 2
Project 2
Virtual Training to Improve Job Interview Skills
Evaluating the effectiveness of a virtual interview training intervention in improving job interview skills and employment outcomes for youth and young adults who are blind or have low vision (B/LV).
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