This fact sheet provides a list of core technology skills that screen reader users need in the workplace, specifically for computer and mobile device use. The skills focus on Windows users. These skills were determined by expert opinion in a research study. The 22 experts were assistive technology specialists and employed screen reader users with work experience in other fields. Most experts had used screen readers in the workplace for many years.
There are 347 core technology skills, organized by skill area: 304 are considered Foundational and 43 are considered Advanced. Foundational skills are needed by any entry-level worker whose job involves using a computer. Advanced skills may only be needed for certain jobs. There are 24 skill areas, plus prerequisites for learning the skills. Advanced skills are listed at the end of each category.
Prerequisites
- Touch typing without using vision for alphabetic keys, punctuation, and numbers with a minimum of 30 words per minute after calculating errors, with at least 90% accuracy.
- Ability to touch type function keys, six pack, Number Pad, command keys, and modifier keys (e.g. Shift, Control, Windows, Alt, FN, Command, Option)
- Perform keyboard commands using modifier keys
- Effectively use a smartphone or mobile device, including turning it on and off, opening and exiting apps, switching between open apps, locking or unlocking the screen, charging the device, using phone and voice mail features, text messaging, and enabling other core features
- Basic computer usage: power computer on and off, login to computer, connect power cord to charge/power the computer
Core Technology Skills
- Close applications
- Toggle between open application windows
- Navigate between open tabs or windows within an application
- Navigate and explore menus, menu ribbons, and toolbars within applications
- Minimize applications and focus on the Desktop
- Exit menus and dialog boxes (Press Escape or activate the cancel button when available in a dialog box)
- Use the Search feature from the Start Menu or on the Taskbar to search for applications, documents, files, settings, or other items on the computer
- Navigate forward and backward through controls in a dialog box and interact with various control types, including: Edit box, Check box, Radio button group, Combo box - including forcing combo box to open for consistent response (e.g. Alt with Down arrow), Edit combo box, List box and list view, Button, Page tabs for multi-page dialog box, Tree-view, Spin box, Slider.
- Navigate between icons and other elements on the Desktop and in other lists using arrow keys and first letter navigation
- Open items from Desktop icons
- Access and navigate the Start Menu
- Access and use the context menu for various items within the operating system or different applications
- Focus on the System Tray/Notification Area and either open items or access the context menu for items
- Navigate between all areas within an application window, including child windows
- Undo and redo within applications
- Navigate between other elements of the Desktop (Taskbar, Start Button, Quick Launch, System Tray/Notifications, etc.)
- Access and adjust options in the Settings app
- Access audio or video that has been downloaded, incorporated into files, or online (Interacting with menus, and common controls, such as play, pause, rewind, fast forward, speed, volume, etc.)
- Choose and configure settings for audio input and output
- Focus on the Taskbar and interact with different components, including Quick Launch, System Tray and Notification Area
- Access application-specific help features for various programs
- Access the System Menu with Alt Space to maximize, restore, move, size, minimize, close, or select other menu items.
- Open/start applications (from Start Menu, Desktop, keyboard shortcut, Taskbar, Run Dialog, etc.)
- Connect wireless devices, wired peripheral devices, and AT devices
- Force close unresponsive applications using Task Manager (Advanced)
- Start and exit screen reader
- Adjust speech settings for: Speaking rate, Pitch, Punctuation level, Typing Feedback, and Verbosity
- Navigate the screen reader-specific menus and dialog boxes (e.g., Jaws Managers, NVDA Menu)
- Use keyboard help (JAWS), input help (NVDA), or similar features with other screen readers
- Can utilize at least one backup screen reader (e.g. Narrator)
- Awareness of different cursors, what each does, how to “route” cursors, and how to navigate while using the different cursors
- Access screen reader-specific help features using keyboard commands or from the “help” menu
- Access tutorials and other web-based resources for screen reading software
- Use screen reader-specific AI tools and features
- Pass through a keyboard command to another program when there is a conflicting keyboard command for the screen reader (Advanced)
- Open a document and enable editing if needed
- Cut, copy, and paste text or other elements, including unformatted text
- Close a document
- Check spelling and grammar by making manual edits when the correct spelling is not in the list of suggestions
- Perform common keyboard shortcuts using the Control key with various letters.
- Edit and make corrections to text using navigation, reading, and editing commands.
- Use the menu ribbon to access various features and search for menu items.
- Navigate between two or more open word processing documents
- Activate a hyperlink from a document
- Check spelling and grammar by using keyboard commands to change, ignore, and add word to dictionary
- Create, compose, organize, and edit documents
- Save and name documents, change the name, change the file type, and save to different locations.
- Use the Find and the Find and Replace features
- Undo/redo changes
- Align text to the center, left, right, or justified
- Format text font (bold, underline, italicize, change font, font size, subscript, superscript, color, style)
- Check spelling and grammar by using screen reader-specific keyboard commands to repeat misspelled word and suggestions
- Navigate using a screen reader by elements (headings, lists, tables, etc.)
- Identify inconsistencies in text formatting and make needed adjustments
- Add, modify, and access tables by navigating and reading data in a new table
- Add accessible headings and nested headings
- Create, format, and edit lists (numbered, bulleted, etc.)
- Print documents and adjust printer settings
- Add, modify, and access tables by inserting a table with specific number of columns and rows
- Add, modify, and access tables by entering or deleting data
- Apply and edit styles
- Insert or edit a hyperlink with a text description
- Determine word count
- Adjust paragraph settings (tabs, indents, line spacing, spacing before and after a paragraph, etc.) (Advanced)
- Adjust layout, including page margins and orientation (Advanced)
- Add, modify, and access tables by adding and deleting rows and columns (Advanced)
- Add, modify, and access tables by formatting table cells (Advanced)
- Use the Accessibility Checker if available and apply needed changes while using a screen reader to verify accessibility (Advanced)
- Add and modify columns (Advanced)
- Modify header/footer by adding text, page numbers, and other details (Advanced)
- Add, read, edit, and delete comments (Advanced)
- Use the track changes feature (enable or disable, accept or reject tracked changes, adjust settings to determine what information is announced when using a screen reader) (Advanced)
- Adjust options and settings for the word processor (Advanced)
- Insert section and page breaks (Advanced)
- Read from cursor to the end of the text or document (e.g. Say all)
- Temporarily silence speech (pause speech)
- Use “where am I” commands to announce title of active window
- Use "where am I" commands to read current dialog box or window (e.g., JAWS key with B)
- Read selected text with screen reader command
- Use "where am I" commands to announce information about the current item (e.g., JAWS key with TAB to read current control)
- Use "where am I" commands to say current line
- Adjust typing echo (words, characters, both, none)
- Use "where am I" commands to say current character and current character phonetically
- Use "where am I" commands to spell out the current word
- Adjust punctuation echo/settings
- Use "where am I" commands to say current word
- Use "where am I" commands to read status bar information in application windows
- Report font characteristics (font size, color, spacing, etc.)
- Use screen reader to announce the date and time
- Open files from folders and subfolders
- Recognize and understand the purpose for common file types, such as .docx, .pdf, .xlsx, .rtf, .pptx, etc.
- Save files to different folders and subfolders
- Select a single file or folder
- Create folders and subfolders
- Rename a file or folder
- Copy, cut, paste, and delete files and folders
- Search for files and folders
- Use the context menu for files or folders within the file management application
- Access files from and save files to external storage media (USB flash drives, SD cards, external drives, etc.)
- Use cloud-based drive(s) to save and access files, share files, and collaborate. (e.g. Dropbox, OneDrive, Google Drive)
- Access the Recycle Bin, restore and permanently delete files
- Select files that are next to each other (contiguous files)
- Use a screen reader to announce the location of a file or folder (e.g. file path)
- Create a shortcut on the desktop, Taskbar, or Start Menu to start an application, open a specific website, open a commonly used video conference meeting link, open a folder, or open a specific file.
- Open mail program
- Forward email
- Access attachments, either by saving or opening them
- Insert attachments to an email
- Navigate to inbox, sent, outbox, and other email folders
- Identify signs of a suspicious email or other communication, as well as steps to take to report spam, junk, or cybersecurity risks
- Open and read messages
- Recover deleted emails from deleted or trash folder
- Save an email as a draft and access it to continue editing before sending
- Navigate using screen reader commands to explore text, headings, links, and other elements
- Close emails without deleting
- Delete emails
- Compose email messages, including adding recipients in To, CC, and BCC fields
- Reply to email
- Reply to all recipients of an email
- Use search tools to search for emails from a specific person, with specific text, or with other specific elements
- Use Find command to search for text within an email
- Spell check prior to sending an email
- Create or edit email folders and subfolders
- Select multiple emails
- Move emails between folders
- Create or modify email signatures
- Use address book or contacts
- Setup automatic email replies for vacation or out of office messages
- Adjust settings for email application for compatibility and accessibility with a screen reader (e.g. menu settings, reading pane, display options, attachment handling)
- Delete folders
- Mark messages as read/unread
- Sort emails by subject, date received, sender, etc.
- Flag messages (Advanced)
- Use a specific email signature when composing an email (Advanced)
- Flag emails for follow-up (Advanced)
- Insert images, including screenshots, into emails (Advanced)
- Setup new or existing email account in email application (Advanced)
- Open/modify/delete contacts
- Sort and search contacts
- Create new contact
- Create new group (Advanced)
- Add/delete members in group (Advanced)
- Delete group (Advanced)
- Open calendar program, feature, or website
- Go to a specific date and review events on the calendar for that date
- Create new event
- Delete event
- Send invitations (including with links for video conferencing, meeting details, and attachments)
- Modify event
- Review, accept, decline, indicate a tentative response, or propose a new meeting time for calendar invitations
- Search for calendar events
- Create recurring event
- Set reminders using calendar
- Adjust view settings to display events by day, work week, week, month, etc.
- Open shared calendar
- Share calendar and accept shared calendar views from others (Advanced)
- Use OCR or AI features to convert digital files or screen captures to readable text and save to other formats
- Scan graphics, pictures, or material that includes both text and images
- Scan or use a camera to capture text from a single page
- Capture text and images from multiple pages
- Adjust settings for OCR or AI features as available (Advanced)
- Join and participate in meetings using video conference software
- Adjust video and audio settings, including adjusting camera view to be in center of view, silencing chat notifications, and other settings
- Access and interact with common features and controls, such as participant list, chat, hand raising, polls, questions, captioning and transcription, emojis, backgrounds, and other settings.
- Use keyboard shortcuts to mute and unmute, as well as enable or disable video
- Create, share, and start video conferencing meetings or calls
- Share details for meeting in calendar invitations
- Share screen and audio with other participants
- Ability to use at least two video conferencing platforms
- Access and configure settings, including accessibility settings
- Turn Wi-Fi on/off and connect to a wireless network
- Access Notifications/Notification Center
- Utilize Bluetooth and add a Bluetooth connection (speaker, headphones, etc.)
- Install, remove, and move apps
- Activate and use the built-in voice assistant (Siri, Google Assistant, Gemini, Bixby, etc.)
- Access Control Center (iOS/iPadOS) or Quick Settings (Android)
- Update the operating system and apps
- Input text using an on-screen keyboard, dictation, external QWERTY keyboard, braille keyboard, on-screen braille entry, or other methods while using a screen reader
- Navigate to the previous or next item and activate an item
- Read continuously starting from current item
- Go back to the previous page or dismiss (escape) from the current screen
- Turn on/off screen reader
- Adjust voice settings by: (1) Changing voice synthesizer and voice (2) Increasing/decreasing speaking rate (3) Increasing/decreasing pitch and (4) Increasing/decreasing screen reader volume
- Explore by touch using one finger to select items
- Temporarily silence speech (pause speech)
- Adjust screen reader-specific settings
- Read entire page starting at the top
- Use screen-reader specific navigation features (e.g. read by character, word, line, etc; rotor; navigating by different elements or controls; TalkBack Menu features, and others)
- Move to the next or previous page in any direction
- Use a 1-finger tap or drag to select an item
- Turn screen curtain on or off (hide screen or show screen)
- Access screen reader tutorial and other help features, including gesture or keyboard command help features
- Turn screen reader speech off and back on without exiting screen reader
- Effectively use email app on smartphone
- Effectively use OCR+ apps (e.g., Seeing AI, Envision, Google Lookout)
- Effectively use digital reading app
- Use calendar app on smartphone to access and read information about upcoming events
- Use calendar app on smartphone to go to a specific date
- Access websites in a web browser on a mobile device
- Effectively use video conferencing apps
- Use calendar app on smartphone to create, share, and save calendar events, including recurring events
- Effectively use one or more notetaking apps
- Effectively use remote sighted assistance app (e.g., Aira, Be My Eyes)
- Effectively use money identification app
- Effectively use object identification app
- Adjust settings for refreshable braille display and braille input on device and through screen reader settings
- Connect, access, and use a refreshable braille display and braille keyboard (i.e. with a computer or mobile device along with a screen reader, or on a stand alone notetaker)
- Use screen reading commands to read text and other elements in a PDF
- Convert PDF files using OCR and AI features when a document is not fully accessible
- Fill in form fields in an accessible PDF
- Adjust preferences for screen reader compatibility for PDF files
- Add a signature to a PDF file within a PDF viewer or through a third-party tool, such as DocuSign (Advanced)
- Save PDF files into other accessible file formats (Advanced)
- Present a slide presentation from the beginning or current slide, as well as navigate between slides and notes
- Read and access content from an existing slide presentation, including navigating to the different areas of the presentation software and slide show content
- Add and edit content to slides in existing objects, including text, images with alt text, accessible hyperlinks, and other accessible elements
- Open a slide show presentation in edit mode
- Delete slides
- Check spelling and grammar
- Create new presentations: make slides, edit content, format, and add accessible elements
- Save presentations: change file names, save to different locations and save as different file formats, including as accessible PDF files
- Modify and add bulleted or numbered lists, including changing list levels
- Copy, paste, insert, format, and add images with accessible alt text and attributes
- Add new slides using built-in accessible layouts with titles, content, text, and other elements
- Change font settings and font styles (size, color, bold, underline, italic, etc.)
- Duplicate slides
- Add and edit notes for slides
- Adjust the presentation theme, and adjust settings for font, color, background, etc.
- Print handouts from a presentation
- Adjust line and paragraph settings (e.g. spacing, indents, etc.) (Advanced)
- Adjust the reading order of objects on slides so that screen readers can read items in the correct order (Advanced)
- Use accessibility checker if available to review and correct accessibility issues and verify using screen reader (Advanced)
- Create or modify a table on a slide (Advanced)
- Select all
- Create spreadsheets: enter data, edit, format text, numerical data, and other features
- Save a spreadsheet: create or change the name, change the file format and save to different locations
- Open a spreadsheet and enable editing if needed
- Navigate to cells in rows and columns to access and read data from an existing spreadsheet (arrow keys, tab and shift tab, enter)
- Replace content of a cell by typing
- Identify and describe terminology and important concepts for spreadsheet navigation (cell, column, row, function, sum, values, etc.)
- Use screen reader to announce column and row headers and navigate within a spreadsheet
- Insert cells, rows, or columns
- Announce the column and row headers with screen reader commands
- Select multiple cells using shift with the arrow keys in any direction.
- Use the find feature, as well as the find and replace feature
- Select an entire column, entire row, or multiple rows and columns
- Navigate to the end or beginning of content in any direction in a row or column to explore which areas have data using control with the arrow keys
- Edit content in a cell by using F2 and then using reading/editing commands to move by character, word, etc. to edit and make changes
- Understand that many spreadsheets and tables contain a blank cell in the top left corner when there are tables with both column and row titles
- Utilize sheets: create, name, rename, delete, and navigate between sheets within the same spreadsheet.
- Perform calculations using formulas that include addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and other basic math functions
- Use Name Manager in Excel to define header rows and columns for tables within a spreadsheet
- Use a screen reader to identify which rows and columns in a spreadsheet contain the headers for columns and rows
- Delete cells, rows, or columns
- Insert formulas for common functions, such as SUM, AVERAGE, MAX, MIN, COUNT
- Copy and paste formulas into adjacent cells
- Sort data
- Insert and create formulas for total rows or columns
- Format cells to adjust font settings, the type of data (e.g. number, text, dates), border settings, text wrapping, and other settings (Advanced)
- Resize height and width of cells for columns and rows, including AutoFit to display content in visible area of each cell (Advanced)
- Print spreadsheet and adjust print settings, including entire workbook, specific sheets, selection, etc. (Advanced)
- Configure settings for screen reader compatibility with online productivity apps
- In Google Docs or another web-based word processor: menu navigation
- In Google Docs or another web-based word processor: read and edit text
- In Google Docs or another web-based word processor: download files in different formats (e.g. .docx, .pdf)
- Adjust screen reader features to be able to access content in Google Workspace or other web-based online apps
- In Google Drive or another cloud-based drive: navigate between folders
- In Google Drive or another cloud-based drive: share files or folders
- In Google Docs or another web-based word processor: create new documents
- In Google Docs or another web-based word processor: adjust screen reader compatibility settings
- In Google Docs or another web-based word processor: exit a document
- In Google Drive or another cloud-based drive: delete or move files and folders
- In Google Drive or another cloud-based drive: create folders
- Effectively use web-based email
- Use Google Sheets or another web-based spreadsheet application to access, edit, and collaborate with others
- In Google Docs or another web-based word processor: access collaboration features (e.g. insert and access comments) (Advanced)
- Use Google Slides or another web-based slide presentation application to access, edit, and collaborate with others. (Advanced)
- Read and reply to messages
- Send direct messages to individuals or groups/teams
- Navigate between different messages/conversations
- Search to locate conversations and shared files
- Find and join conversations/groups
- Mute and dismiss conversations or notifications
- Use keyboard shortcuts to make and receive audio or video calls through chat/messaging app or feature
- Adjust and update availability status
- Access history of chats, messages, and calls
- Upload, share, and organize shared content within chats/conversations and channels (Advanced)
- Open a database (web-based or desktop application)
- Navigate through fields within an existing database
- Search for records
- Create new entries in an existing database and navigate through fields while inputting data
- Access menus and elements within a database application
- Identify when a database or other application element is not fully accessible with a screen reader and follow up to communicate this to IT or AT specialists (e.g., Form field is missing a label or does not have a label that is meaningful to determine what information is needed for that field) (Advanced)
- Awareness of resources to learn about new features and emerging AT
- Knowledge of common methods to obtain information and technical support through AT companies, technology manufacturers, and other resources
- Explore and participate in email lists and other online communities of practice related to AT or accessibility
- Restart an application, screen reader or other AT software, or operating system when it is frozen or malfunctioning
- Create/change passwords and security settings
- Prepare information for technical support and communicate errors to a technical support agent.
- Use search engines and AI chatbots to search for solutions when facing technical issues
- Determine version of software and operating system
- Back up data to a cloud, external storage or both
- Update software, web browsers, OS, and anti-malware software to keep up-to-date and avoid security threats
- Take screenshots or capture speech history and save these when errors or issues arise (to share with technical support or IT services for troubleshooting)
- Run anti-malware scans
- Explore manufacturer resources when troubleshooting
- Uninstall software and apps, including AT software (Advanced)